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Zhang Chao () was a Chinese litterateur and fiction writer from Anhui Province, China. He was born in 1650 during the Qing dynasty. Zhang had extensive knowledge in the field of Confucianism,〔Preface of ''Quiet Dream Shadows'', Page 2〕 Taoism〔 and Buddhism.〔 He liked chess, calligraphy and painting and was good at various kinds of poetry. He was also interested in flowers, birds, fishes and insects. His works are rich in imagination and associated with the features of the Qing dynasty. ''Quiet Dream Shadows''〔Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju 中华书局, 2008. You Meng Ying ''幽梦影'' (Quiet Dream Shadows), Zhang Chao, (张潮)〕 and ''Yu Chu Xin Zhi'' are the representative works. There are some other works too, such as ''Hua Ying Ci'' ''花影词'' ( Poems of Flower Shadows), ''Xi Nang Cun Jin'' ''奚囊寸锦'', and ''Yin Zhong Ba Xian Ling'' ''饮中八仙令''. ==Life== Zhang Chao was born in 1650 in She County, Anhui. One year before he was born, his father Zhang Xikong (张习孔) became a ''jinshi'' and went to work in Shandong as an educational inspector. After only a few months, Zhang Xikong's mother died and he resigned his position to go home as a merchant. Zhang Chao grew up in a wealthy family and his education was very strict. Under his father's influence, Zhang Chao studied diligently from his childhood. He devoted himself to the imperial examination for some time and he started to write eightlegged essay when he was 13 years old. Between the ages of 12 and 26, he failed the imperial examinations four times,〔''Research of Zhang Chao 张潮研究'', the first edition in June, 2011, 安徽大学出版社 Page 12〕 in 1663, 1666, 1669 and 1672 during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor. He worked as a bureaucrat in the early Kangxi era, but his rank was low and he became disillusioned. Disappointed with his career, he traveled many places and lived in Rugao and Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China for long periods. From 1675, he lived in Yangzhou and made engraving. He made a lot of friends who were famous scholars or litterateurs at that time. Such as Yu Huai (余怀), Kong Shangren (孔尚任), Mei Wending (梅文鼎), Shi Tao (石涛). When he finished ''Quiet Dream Shadows'' (幽梦影), there were almost 100 friends who made comments about his book. In 1699, he fell victim to a conspiracy, he was sent into prison, which was a serious blow to him. In 1707, he compiled ''Xi Nang Cun Jin'' (奚囊寸锦). From that point, there is no further information on him and no reliable research in terms of the date of his death.〔''Research of Zhang Chao 张潮研究'', the first edition in June, 2011, 安徽大学出版社 Page 13〕 He was familiar with Dai Mingshi (戴名世), the writer of ''Nan Shan Ji'' (南山集) and spoke highly of him. In 1711, Dai Mingshi was sent to prison, where he was killed, an affair that entangled many others. If Zhang Chao was still alive, he would certain have been involved in that case, so it is inferred that he was no longer alive by 1711. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Zhang Chao」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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